WHAT CAUSES MELANOMA IN CHILDREN

Unlike melanoma in adults, which is often linked to years of exposure to UV light, pediatric melanoma in children is typically not associated with sun exposure. Instead, children with certain types of moles, such as large congenital melanocytic nevi (dark brown-black birthmarks), are at higher risk. 

Melanoma in children can develop in various ways and anywhere on the skin. It may arise in an existing mole or appear as a new mole or skin spot without any previous signs. This occurs when melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, start growing uncontrollably due to genetic changes. These abnormal cells form tumors and can damage surrounding healthy tissue. 

Children with family history are more likely to have melanoma compared to children without family history ^[Hawryluk]. Research findings indicate a potential genetic involvement in pediatric melanoma, particularly regarding the MC1R gene [Pelligrini]. However, genetic studies suggest limited contribution of major high-risk susceptibility genes to the development of melanoma in children.^{[Pelligrini].} 

References:

• Pellegrini, Cristina, et al. “Melanoma in children and adolescents: analysis of susceptibility genes in 123 Italian patients.” Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 36.2 (2022): 213-221.

• Hawryluk, Elena B., et al. “Risk factors and outcomes of melanoma in children and adolescents: A retrospective multicenter study.” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 90.4 (2024): 716-726.